Base metals are oxidized and removed with the slag, while gold and silver, which do not oxidize, sink and build up, leading to dore bars for further partitioning and refining. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. Use add reply to replyparticipate in a topicdiscussion most frequent. For a variety oftechnical and economic reasons, theseoresoften cannot beprocessed by normal flotation and pyrometallurgical techniques. Hydrometallurgy involve the use of aqueous solutions for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials. Introduction copper and copper alloys are essential materials for todays modern world. Page 445 the spaces between the joists are covered with boards resting on the cleats and pushed closely together, but not nailed, so that the whole or part of the cover can be easily removed. Fourteen domestic mines accounted for more than 95 percent of the 1. The most common types of ore, copper oxide and copper sulfide, undergo two different processes, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, respectively, due to the different.
Pyrometallurgy it involves the smelting, converting and refining of metal concentrate. The book describes systematically the thermal processes for the extraction of metals from their ores and their refining in a pure form. No serious hydrometallurgical competitors to copper pyrometallurgy emerged, however, the cyprus ci leachci precipitationh2 reduce process which was announced 28 could be interesting for small plants while the recently presented sherrittcominco copper process seems overly complex. However, in the case of lowgrade ores or complex concentrates with abundant impurities, a combination of the use of hydrometallurgical and aqueous electrowinning are gaining. Differentialflotation processes for mixed sulphides seldom giveascleanaseparation asdesired, andinsomeinstances. The copper ii ions are removed again from the organic solvent by reaction with fresh sulfuric acid, producing a much more concentrated copper ii sulfate solution than before. Pdf copper metallurgy at the crossroads researchgate. Generally, copper extraction follows the sequence see figure below. Then, after being smelted, refined copper and copper products are yielded. Each extractive situation must be assessed on its own merits by the consideration of such factors as capital and operating costs and the environmental impact. Copper processing is a complicated process that begins with mining of the ore less than 1% copper and ends with sheets of 99. Pyrometallurgy was a prominent part of minteks work during the 1930s. It consist of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals.
Copper that is mined from copper ore, after beneficiation, becomes high quality copper concentrate. Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. The branch of extractive metallurgy in which processes employing chemical reactions at elevated temperatures are used to extract and refine nonferrous metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled materials. In copper smelting, concentrates are becoming dirtier, needing a wider range of more innovative solutions to remove impurities and maintain product quality.
Mets is the engineering company that produced deepsouths preliminary economic assessment pea disclosed on february 26, 2018. In modern metallurgy, pyrometallurgy is of major importance in the production of many of the most useful metals, including iron, steel, lead, copper, and nickel. In 1989, arizona produced 60 percent of the total u. Dear colleagues, there are several major megatrends having an impact on pyrometallurgical metals processing. Obviously, the copper extraction in pyrometallurgy contributes the largest amount of slag among all the nonferrous metals. Primary metal production michigan technological university. Pyrometallurgical techniques use heat to separate copper from copper sulfide ore concentrates. About 80 % of primary copper production comes from lowgrade or poor sulfide ores. Pdf pyrometallurgical refining of copper in an anode furnace.
Distribution of precious metals during the reducing. This process would only be economical if silver andor gold are preconcentrated first, as it is the case in anode slimes from copper electrolytic refining. How copper is extracted, crushed, and sent to the two major processing methods. Volume iv pyrometallurgy of copper, the hermann schwarze symposium book 1 smelting operations, ancillary operations and furnance integrity kapusta, j. Processing techniques that complement hydrometallurgy are pyrometallurgy, vapour metallurgy, and molten salt electrometallurgy. Copper concentrators typically treat up to 100 000 t of ore per day. Kansanshi mining plc which encompasses the smelter and the adjacent mine is 80% owned by vancouverbased first quantum minerals ltd and 20% owned by zambian mining. The copperii ions are removed again from the organic solvent by reaction with fresh sulfuric acid, producing a much more concentrated copperii sulfate solution than before. Copper ore hydrometallurgy and pressure leachingcopper. Copper extraction refers to the methods used to obtain copper from its ores. Metallic compounds are frequently rather complex mixtures those treated commercially are for the most part sulfides, oxides. Leached residue makes up the highgrade pgmcu concentrate containing 3065% pges.
Process steps include mining, concentration, roasting, smelting. Pyro and hydrometallurgical copper processing p3 youtube. Roasting, or heating in air without fusion, transforms sulfide ores into oxides, the sulfur escaping as sulfur dioxide, a gas. Volume iv pyrometallurgy of copper, the hermann schwarze symposium book 1 smelting operations. They are located directly at the mines to achieve low transport costs. Use add new topic to ask a new questiondiscussion about pyrometallurgy and electrometallurgy. Pyrometallurgy definition of pyrometallurgy by the free. The concentrate is further processed in steps of electrolytic refining electrolysis, pyrometallurgy, and selectivesolvent extraction refining for final separation of the pure precious metals. Beneficiation by froth flotation of ore to give copper concentrate. Therefore an improvement of the pyrometallurgical refining process is. Established in 1988, mineral engineering technical services provides a range of services in the fields of minerals processing, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. Oct 20, 2014 copper in our electrical world part 3. Forsyth, dealt with the use of south africas lowgrade chromite ores in the direct production of stainless steel.
Pdf the decreasing quality of the input materials in copper recycling leads to a higher content of impurities in the anode copper. General principles of production of metals by pyrometallurgy. Pyrometallurgy definition of pyrometallurgy by merriam. Pyrometallurgy, or the use of heat for the treatment, includes smelting and roasting. During treatment of these intermediate products a slag phase, matte phase and metallic bullion phase are formed. Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce saleable products such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or alloys, suitable as feed for further. These separation techniques form the basis of thermal smelting and refining operations. Pyrometallurgy pyrometallurgy is the branch of extractive metallurgy. Copper concentrates obtained after beneficiating the ore are subjected to a number of operations such as oxidation and melting to get the metal. Polymetallic deepsea nodules contain cobalt, copper, manganese. Distribution of precious me tals during the reducing pyrometallurgical processes of complex copper materials 51 when antimony is added to the fecu binary system saturated with carbon, antimony and copper form speiss phase, while carbon and iron form an ironrich phase.
The first published paper2 in this field, written by r. This treatment may produce pure metals,intermediate. Chapter 6 copper production technology the last boomin technological innovation for the copper industry occurred in the first two decades of this century, whenopen pit mining, flo tation concentration,and the reverberatory smelter were adapted to porphyry copper ores. Extracting copper from copper ironsulfide ores melting and casting cathode copper recycle of copper and copper alloy scrap suggested reading references 2 production and use 2. Following separation and concentration by mineral processing, metallic minerals are subjected to extractive metallurgy, in which their metallic elements are extracted from chemical compound form and refined of impurities. In ferronickel production, ores are posing difficulties for furnace design, sending engineers back to the drawing board to consider new cooling technologies and refractory selection methods. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Copper and nickel are extracted by the sulfuric acidleaching route. Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or alloys, suitable as feed for. Pyrometallurgy of copper, the hermann schwarze symposium book 2 technology development, process modeling and fundamentals landolt, c. About 95 % of the ore input goes into the tailings, which are stored in large dams near the mine and are used for. Pyrometallurgy of copper, the hermann schwarze symposium book 2 technology development, process modeling and fundamentals.
After enrichment steps, the copper concentrates are usually treated by pyrometallurgical methods. Pyrometallurgy article about pyrometallurgy by the free. This paper provides a brief overview of the current copper smelting operations in southern africa. In those days, stainless steel manufacturers required ferrochromium with. Monoxide transition calculation 2010 oxides and pyrometallurgy 1 montreal export of results to excel and plotting phase diagrams of oxide systems in equilibrium with metals. Department of mining, metallurgical, and materials engineering. These reactions involve numerous different solids, liquids, and gases, and are carried out using many diverse types of furnaces. Pyrometallurgy, extraction and purification of metals by processes involving the application of heat. Pyrometallurgy definition of pyrometallurgy by merriamwebster. Using add reply allows you to attach images or pdf files and provide a more complete input. There are two ways of smelting copper, one is pyrometallurgy, the other hydrometallurgical.
It includes a historical introduction, basic theoretical principles, and a selected list of references. Traditional copper hydrometallurgy process typically consists of atmospheric leaching, solvent extraction sx and electrowinning ew. The gas phase may also be used to advantage, either as a means of separating valuable volatile constituents or for removing unwanted volatile impurities. The steadily growing demand for all metals is strengthened by the emerging of electrical vehicles ev which brings along the high need of the battery metals, but additionally a significant increase in copper consumption. Extracting copper from copperironsulfide ores melting and casting cathode copper recycle of copper and copperalloy scrap suggested reading references 2 production and use 2. Pyrometallurgy, nonferrous article about pyrometallurgy. Faqs with regards to operating a cu er tankhouse above 400 am2 pdf. Primary metal production pyrometallurgy deals with chemical reactions at high temperatures ranging from 100c up to 3000c. Copperii ions are deposited as copper on the cathode for the electrode equation, see under the purification of copper below.
A yazawa and s nakazawa, evaluation of nonequilibrium minor components in pyrometallurgy, in. Pyrometallurgy the science and technology of hightemperature metallurgical processes. Copper was produced over the centuries by the pyrometallurgical route. Examination of the ellingham diagram shown in figure \\pageindex2\ illustrates why the metals known to the ancients were mainly those such as copper and lead, which can be obtained by smelting at the relatively low temperatures that were obtainable by the methods available at the time in which a charcoal fire supplied both the heat and the carbon. Pyrometallurgy definition, the process or technique of refining ores with heat so as to accelerate chemical reactions or to melt the metallic or nonmetallic content. Hydrometallurgy of copper william eckert greenawalt. In most instances, both phases are molten such as the matte and slag in a conventional copper smelting operation. Copper hydrometallurgy is a branch of metallurgy method to extract copper directly from those difficulttoconcentrate copper oxide ore. It involves heating in a blast furnace at temperatures above 1500c to convert waste to a form that can be refined. Copper ii ions are deposited as copper on the cathode for the electrode equation, see under the purification of copper below. Hydrometallurgy is typically divided into three general areas. Principles of extractive metallurgy rakes h kumar email. Pyrometallurgy definition is chemical metallurgy depending on heat action such as roasting and smelting.
Copper cobalt africa, incorporating the 8th southern african base. Primary copper smelter and refinery as a recycling plant. The procedures that are used in pyrometallurgy are roasting, smelting, conversion, refining, and distillation. Oxides and pyrometallurgy copper extraction from sulfide concentrates using equilib program selection of databases phase selection. Hydrometallurgy versus pyrometallurgy pyrometallurgy. The book also includes current information on unit operations used. The most important operations are roasting, smelting, and refining. Hydrometallurgy is a technique within the field of extractive metallurgy, the obtaining of metals from their ores. The decreasing quality of the input materials in copper recycling leads to a higher content of impurities in the anode copper. Pyrometallurgy will continue to be a dominant extractive metallurgical method of choice for treating highgrade clean ores and concentrates, such as iron ore or copper. Distribution of precious me tals during the reducing pyrometallurgical processes of complex copper materials 49 the reduction smelting process utilizing an electric furnace is commonly used for recovering these metal values.
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